What You Need to Know About Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection. It occurs when certain normal bacteria in the vagina grow excessively, leading to a bacterial imbalance.

Symptoms include a “fishy” odor, dirty white or gray vaginal discharge. Some women may have BV that clears up without treatment, while in others, antibiotics can successfully treat the infection.

What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginal infection caused by bacteria. It is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age (those who have not yet gone through menopause).

Bacterial vaginosis can cause a “fishy” odor and may lead to vaginal irritation in some women.

Bacterial vaginosis can contribute to early delivery and post-surgery infections (e.g., hysterectomy). It can also make a woman more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections, particularly HIV.

How Common is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal problem in women aged 15 to 44 years.

Who can get bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Anyone with a vagina can get bacterial vaginosis (BV), even if they are not sexually active. However, it is most commonly seen in sexually active individuals. Your risk of getting BV may be higher in the following situations:

• If you are pregnant,
• If you do not use condoms,
• If you have an intrauterine device (IUD),
• If you have multiple sex partners,
• If you have a new sex partner,
• If you are using improper douching techniques.

What Causes Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

Your vagina, like your digestive system, hosts a variety of bacteria (called the microbiome). These bacteria are usually good bacteria.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when some vaginal bacteria grow faster than others. The rapid growth of one type of bacteria causes an imbalance.

Is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Contagious?

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not contagious, but sexual activity can increase your risk of getting the infection.

Is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) an STD?

Bacterial vaginosis is not sexually transmitted, but it is associated with sexual activity. Sex can change the bacterial environment in your vagina, making it more likely for bacteria to multiply.

What Are the Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

About 84% of people with bacterial vaginosis (BV) do not experience symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are typically as follows:

• Dirty white, gray, or greenish vaginal discharge.
• “Fishy” smelling discharge.
• Occasionally, an itchy or painful vagina.

BV symptoms are similar to other infections. It’s important to see your doctor to determine whether your condition is caused by BV or another vaginal infection.

What is the Difference Between Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and a Yeast Infection?

Both bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast infections are vaginal infections that increase discharge. The differences are as follows:

• Discharge: The distinctive feature of BV is the “fishy” odor of the discharge. Discharge from a yeast infection typically does not have a strong smell but may have a cheesy texture.
• Vaginal irritation: BV typically does not cause vaginal irritation or itching. Yeast infections cause irritation and itching.
• Over-the-counter treatment: Yeast infections can be treated with over-the-counter medications. BV requires antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.

How is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Diagnosed?

During an examination, your healthcare provider will take a sample of fluid from your vagina. The healthcare provider will examine the sample under a microscope, test it in the office, or send it to a lab for analysis.

Can Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Go Away on Its Own?

In one-third of cases, bacterial vaginosis (BV) clears up on its own without medication. However, if you have symptoms, it is advised to seek medical help. Having BV makes you more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections and can affect pregnancy.

What is the Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics for you. These medications can be in the form of vaginal tablets or oral pills. The most appropriate treatment method will be determined by your doctor.

Are There Home Remedies for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

There are no over-the-counter products to treat bacterial vaginosis (BV). Avoid using products that may worsen BV. Consult your healthcare provider for treatment options.

How Can I Reduce My Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

As the exact cause of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not fully understood, there is no guaranteed way to prevent it. However, the following steps can reduce your risk:

• Avoid improper douching techniques. These can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in your vagina. Do not use scented soaps and products. Avoid washing the inside of your vagina.
• Avoid vaginal contact with anything that has touched your anus. Items like toilet paper and sex toys can transfer bacteria from your anus to your vagina.
• Use latex condoms. Research shows that unprotected sex is linked to BV.
• Wear cotton underwear. Bacteria thrive in moist environments. Cotton helps wick away moisture.

How Long Does Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Last?

Most often, a course of antibiotics taken for seven days will clear up the infection.

Can You Get Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) More Than Once?

Yes. Around 80% of women may experience bacterial vaginosis (BV) again.

Should I Be Treated for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) If I Am Pregnant?

If you have bacterial vaginosis (BV), your doctor may prescribe safe medications during pregnancy. You should be treated for the infection, even if you have no symptoms. BV can lead to pregnancy complications such as early birth.

When Should I Tell My Partner?

Male partners do not need treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV).

When Should I Call My Doctor?

Contact your doctor if:

• The discharge changes color or consistency.
• The discharge smells different than usual.
• You experience vaginal itching, burning, swelling, or pain.

Although bacterial vaginosis is a mild infection, it can make you more vulnerable to more serious conditions. If you notice something unusual, do not delay seeing your doctor.

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